Blog

You can find helpful articles about mathematics and test prep in the Effortless Math blog.

Interested in Becoming an Effortless Math Guest Blogger? Click here

Search in Blog articles.

Hand-drawn docket review comic showing a law clerk and justice examining conflicting regional interpretations among many petitions, with a courtroom ready for later consideration.

How the Supreme Court Chooses and Decides Cases

Thousands of litigants want Supreme Court review, but the Court hears only a small fraction. A party ordinarily begins discretionary review by filing a petition for a writ of certiorari. The petition asks the Court to call up the lower-court record and decide the case. Certiorari is not a second trial, an order requiring an […]

Hand-drawn courtroom comic of a judge and litigant comparing an agency action with higher law, with a missing-hearing illustration and interlocking paper shapes representing a legal conflict.

Judicial Review and the Role of the Courts

Congress enacts a popular law that conflicts with the Constitution. A court deciding a case cannot apply both commands if they point to opposite results. Judicial review is the authority of courts to determine the governing law in a proper case and to refuse effect to government action that violates higher law. It applies to […]

Hand-drawn tabletop courthouse comic showing a trial record, appellate judges reviewing a folder, and a gated possible Supreme Court petition route.

How the Federal Court System Works

Hand-drawn presidential communication comic showing a fictional president addressing citizens through news and phones while legislators consider their own votes, illustrating the limits of public persuasion.

Presidential Communication and the Bully Pulpit

Hand-drawn executive order comic showing a signed directive becoming a bridge supported by the Constitution and congressional laws while an agency worker checks its authority.

How Presidential Power Has Expanded

Hand-drawn veto override comic showing a president returning a bill and separate House and Senate votes, each marked two-thirds, illustrating congressional checks on presidential power.

Checks on Presidential Power

Hand-drawn presidential powers comic contrasting a completed federal pardon with an unfinished nomination reviewed by senators, illustrating powers exercised alone and with Senate consent.

Roles and Powers of the President

Hand-drawn congressional representation comic showing the same legislator listening to constituents as a delegate, studying evidence as a trustee, and adapting between both approaches as a politico.

Models of Congressional Representation

Hand-drawn congressional spending comic showing an appropriations document as a key to Treasury funding beside miniature public bridges, a school and a science lab.

Powers and Functions of Congress

Hand-drawn bicameral Congress comic showing distinct House and Senate chambers with two clerks comparing identical bill pages through a magnifying glass.

Bicameral Congress: House and Senate

Hand-drawn fiscal federalism comic showing a federal grants officer offering funding with a checklist of conditions to a state program manager beside bridge repairs and a public clinic.

Fiscal Federalism in Practice

Hand-drawn paper collage comic showing federal coin production, separate federal and state tax ledgers, and a state health inspection to illustrate divided and concurrent government powers.

Federal and State Powers in the United States